Overview of the IBEP Bull Test

The station is located at the Feldun-Purdue Ag Center, 1117 State Road 458, Bedford, IN 47421. Brad Shelton (sheltonb@purdue.edu) is superintendent of the Ag Center, and Nick Minton (nminton@purdue.edu) is manager of the bull test station.

Photos of FPAC and the IBEP test station are on the Test Station page.

There are a total of eight pens, each with a capacity of about 25 head. Bulls are penned by age, weight, and biological type. Each pen has a dirt/sand exercise lot of about one-half acre and an open front shed. Feed is delivered as a TMR into fenceline feedbunks. The ration is forage-based, being 50% or more (dry matter) silage, hay, or baleage. It is formulated to achieve a target average daily gain of 3.25 to 3.50 lbs/head/day. See the "Rules" from a recent test for more details.

Two tests are conducted each year. Through the 2024 Summer Test, there was a 21-day pretest period, followed by the 125-day test. Starting with the 2024 Winter Test, there has been a 28-day pretest period followed by a 111-day test. Also, starting with the 2022 Winter Test, bulls were divided into Junior and Senior divisions, based on the bull's birth date.

Winter Test - for bulls born October 1 of the previous year to March 31 of the current year (for the 2025 Winter Test, bulls were born October 1, 2024 to March 31, 2025). Bulls born October 1 through December 31 are in the Senior division. Bulls born January 1 through March 31 are in the Junior division.

Entries are due in September, and bulls are delivered in late October or early November. The test ends in March, and the sale is held in April.

Summer Test - for bulls born April 1 to September 30 of the previous year (for the 2025 Summer Test, bulls were born April 1 to September 30, 2024). Bulls born April 1 through June 30 are in the Senior division. Bulls born July 1 through September 30 are in the Junior division.

Entries are due in early April, and bulls are delivered in late April or early May. The test ends in September, and the sale is held in October.

• Actual birth weight is required for entry.
• Minimum weight of 450 lbs at delivery. Minimum weight per day of age (including birth weight) of 2.5 lbs at delivery.
• Must be polled or dehorned.
• Bulls that are suspected to be carriers of, or a population risk for, a lethal or semi-lethal allele (as defined by their breed association) for which a DNA test is available, must be DNA tested and verified free of the lethal allele prior to entry in a test. Consult with your breed association for a complete list of known lethal alleles and DNA testing procedures. See the "Genetic Defects" section of this overview for more details about the traits.
• Health requirements must be met. See the "Rules" from a recent test for the latest requirements for vaccinations and Johne's Disease testing. Meeting the health requirements is critical.
• Bulls must be free of active ringworm lesions and warts.
• Bulls will be inspected at delivery and will not be accepted if sick, wild, or have a physical defect which may impair future reproductive performance.
• Bulls which exhibit aggressive, nervous, or flight behavior at delivery will not be accepted.
• Bulls will be tested at delivery for persistent Bovine Virus Diarrhea infection (PIBVD). Bulls which test positive will need to removed immediately by the owner.

Bull owners must be participating in their breed association's official herd performance program, with birth and weaning data reported to and processed by their breed association.

Note that in order for bulls to be eligible for IBEP auctions, they must:

• be registered
• be parentage verified to both the sire and the dam
• have genomic-enhanced EPDs
• have complete weaning and registration information submitted to IBEP by the time of the 56-day weighing

The status of bulls for defects is checked on the breed association web sites. The traits fall into three categories, which are handled differently by IBEP. Below are the traits, with their letter abbreviations and the breeds whose breed associations test for them. This may not be a complete list, check with your breed association for current information and for their genetic defect policy

Lethal Defects - Bulls which are potential carriers must be tested free of the defect to be sale eligible (for some breeds, they need to be tested free to be registered). These traits include:

• AM = Arthrogryposis Multiplex (Angus, Gelbvieh, Red Angus, Shorthorn, Simmental)
• CA = Contractural Arachnodactyly (Angus, Gelbvieh, Red Angus, Simmental)
• DB = Delayed Blindness (Hereford)
• MA = Alpha Mannosidosis (Red Angus)
• MD = Mandibulofacial Dysostosis (Hereford)
• MSUD = Maple Syrup Urine Disease (Hereford)
• NH = Neuropathic Hydrocephalus (Angus Gelbvieh, Red Angus, Simmental)
• OS = Osteopetrosis (Angus, Gelbvieh, Red Angus, Simmental)
• PHA = Pulmonary Hypoplasia with Anasarca (Red Angus, Shorthorn, Simmental)
• TH = Tibia Hemimelia (Red Angus, Shorthorn, Simmental)

Semi-Lethal Defects - Bulls which are potential carriers must be tested free of the defect to be sale eligible. These traits include:

• BD1, BD2 = Bulldog Dwarfism - Chondrodysplasia (Dexter)
• DD = Developmental Duplication (Angus, Red Angus, Simmental)
• D2 = PRKG2 Mutation for Dwarfism (Angus)
• DM = Double Muscling (Red Angus)
• DS = Digital Subluxation (Shorthorn)
• DW = Dwarfism (Red Angus)
• HY = Hypotrichosis (Hereford, Red Angus)
• IE = Ideopathic Epilepsy (Hereford)
• M1 = Myostatin nt821 Gene Deletion, also known as Double Muscling (Angus)
• PR = Protoporphyia (Red Angus)
• SN = Syndactyly (Red Angus)

Color Defects or Information - IBEP does not track these, but if a bull is tested free, that information will show in the sale catalog. These traits include:

• CC = Coat Color - Red (Simmental)
• CCA = Coat Color - Wild Type (Simmental)
• DL = Dilutor (Hereford, Simmental)
• HPS = Horns (Simmental)
• OH = Oculotaneous Hypo-pigmentation (Angus, Simmental)
• RC = Coat Color - Red Charlie (Simmental)
• RD = Coat Color - Red (Angus)

The bull's information for these will be shown in the sale catalog. An "F" after the defect abbreviation means that the bull was tested free; for example, "NHF" means the bull was tested free of NH. A "C" after the defect abbreviation means that the bull was tested and is a carrier. If there is no notation for a defect, the bull is not a potential carrier based on his pedigree.

For color and informational traits, and for some others such as DD, there can be an "A" after the defect abbreviation. This means the bull is affected; he has two copies of that allele (for example, two copies of red), so all offspring will receive that allele from the bull.

Brief note on the genetics: For these traits, the genes have two possible types, called alleles. The normal allele is dominant and the allele for the defect is recessive. If a bull has 1 or 2 copies of the normal allele, the bull will be normal. If he has 0 copies of the normal allele, so both alleles are for the defect, the bull will be affected.

Using coat color as an example, Black and Red are two alleles for the same gene. Black is dominant to Red. A bull with 2 copies of black (homozygous black) would be called RDF by the Angus Association; he will be black and will pass a black allele to all offspring. A bull with 1 black and 1 red (heterozygous) is a carrier of red and would be called RDC; he will be black himself, but will pass a red allele to half of his offspring, on average. A bull with 2 copies of red (homozygous red) would be called RDA; he will be red and will pass a red allele to all offspring. If a bull is red, you know he's RDA and you don't need a DNA test!

• Weights are collected during the test. Currently, these are delivery, on-test, 28-day, 56-day, 84-day, and 111-day off-test. Previously, through the 2024 Summer Test, these were weights at delivery, on-test, 28-day, 63-day, 91-day, and 125-day off-test.
• Ratios for Average Daily Gain (ADG) and Weight per Day of Age (WPDA) are calculated within-breed in each division (for example, Junior Angus). If there are fewer than six bulls within a breed and division, the overall ADG or WPDA of bulls in that division (for example, Junior bulls) will be used to determine those ratios.
• Performance Index at each weight is calculated from ADG and WPDA ratios, as:
  .60(ADG Ratio) + .40(WPDA Ratio).
• Ultrasound scan data: rib eye area, rib fat, and % intramuscular fat, measured by a certified CUP technician.
• Scrotal circumference at delivery and at the time the bull has his ultrasound scan.
• Hip height at on-test and at the time the bull has his ultrasound scan. This is used to calculate Frame Score according to BIF guidelines.

• Data provided with the entry form includes: farm tag, tattoo, birth date and weight, birth code (single, twin, ET), birth calving ease, breed, whether the bull is polled or dehorned, bull's registration number, sire's name and registration number, dam's registration number.
• Bull's registration number can be sent later if it is not available at the time the entry form is sent in.
• Weaning data:
  • Actual weaning weight and date
  • Adjusted 205-day weight, ratio, and number of contemporaries - these are provided by your breed association

We obtain the EPDs from the breed association's web site. For most breeds, this requires the bull to be registered.

Genomic testing, resulting in genomic-enhanced EPDs, is required for sale eligibility.

• Bull must have a Performance Index in the top 2/3 to 3/4 of his breed group of 6 or more bulls. If the breed has fewer than 6 bulls, the Performance Index must be in the top 2/3 to 3/4 of all bulls on test or the Performance Index must be greater than 100.
• Bulls will be examined by a committee for structural soundness (feet and legs), and disposition. Foot score will be evaluated. Bulls must pass these inspections.
• Bulls must meet a minimum scrotal circumference, measured at the time of the bull's ultrasound scan.
• Bulls which are sale-eligible (based on Performance Index, structural soundness, disposition, and adjusted scrotal circumference as described above) will have Breeding Soundness Examinations. Non-sale bulls can be examined at the owner's request. The exam is conducted by a Ph.D. Reproductive Physiologist and a DVM. It includes a physical examination and a semen evaluation, with observations rated as either acceptable or unacceptable according to guidelines established by the Society for Theriogenology. Bulls must pass this evaluation. (Note that if a bull does not meet the minimum adjusted scrotal circumference requirement, he will not have a further physical examination or semen evaluation.)
• Bull must be healthy.
• Bull must have 205-day adjusted weaning data from the breed association.
• Bull must be parentage verified to both the sire and the dam.
• Bull must have genomic-enhanced EPDs.
• Bull must not be a carrier or potential carrier of lethal or semi-lethal genetic defects.

Each bull is given a within-breed percentile ranking (in *'s) for many traits, including performance during the test, EPDs, and $ Indexes. These are in deciles (10% groups). Each trait is given 1 to 10 stars, with 10 being the best: *10* (10 stars) means the bull is in the top 1-10%, *9* (9 stars) is 11-20%, and so on, with *1* (1 star) being 91-100% or the bottom 10%.

For traits measured during the test, the bulls in the test are ranked separately within each division (Senior and Junior). In each division, they are ranked within breed; if there are fewer than 6 bulls in the breed, the bulls are ranked among all bulls in their division. For EPDs and $ Indexes, the bulls are compared to the non-parent EPDs from their breed association.

Beginning with the 2016 Winter Test, Sale Index is calculated as the weighted sum of the number of *'s for six of the traits: 30% ADG, 20% WPDA, 7.5% IMF, 7.5% REA/cwt, 20% Direct Calving Ease EPD, and 15% Weaning Weight EPD (the Birth Weight EPD will be used if the bull does not have an EPD for Direct Calving Ease). The maximum Sale Index is 100.

• Sales are held at Springville Feeder Auction, Springville, IN. Sales will be broadcast on CCI.Live.
• Sale order is determined by the Sale Index. The top Sale Indexing Junior and Senior bulls will lead off the sale, with the one having the highest Sale Index selling first. Remaining bulls are sold in order of Sale Index. In case of ties, Performance Index will determine sale order among bulls with identical Sale Indexes.
• The minimum bid (floor price) for a sale is established by the Board of Directors prior to the sale; slaughter bull price will be taken into consideration. For the 2025 Summer Test sale (October 2025), the minimum bid was $3,750.
• If a bull does not sell, the owner can take the bull home or have it marketed for slaughter.
• From the 2025 Summer Test sale, held October 18, 2025:
  • Sale averages - overall and for each breed
  • Sale prices for individual bulls

• Fees charged for the 2025 Winter Test:
  • These fees are pre-paying for testing expenses.
  • Entry fee is $350/bull for Indiana owners, $375/bull for out-of-state owners, and is due on the entry deadline date.
  • Delivery fee is $350/bull, and is due when the bull is delivered to the test station.
  • An additional mid-test fee of $350/bull is due on the date of the 56-day weighing.
  • Thus, the testing fee is $1,050/bull for Indiana owners, $1,075/bull for out-of-state owners.
• Costs are determined for each bull at the end of the test:
  • Medication costs will be charged to the owners of treated bulls.
  • Feed amount and costs are allocated among bulls in each pen, according to body weight and gain for each bull.
  • Cost of the breeding soundness exam is charged to bulls which had the exam.
  • Sale expenses are divided among bulls in the sale; each bull in the sale is charged the same amount. It is calculated as:
    (Sum of Sale Expenses / Gross Sale Proceeds) x Average Sale Price
  • Other costs - such as yardage, overhead, ultrasound, and routine health checks - are on a per-head basis. 
• If the bull was marketed for slaughter, the price received minus a trucking and selling charge will be credited to the owner.
• Final income for each bull is testing fees plus sale price (or slaughter price). Net for each bull is income minus testing cost for the bull. This amount will be sent to the owner, or charged to the owner if costs were greater than income. Generally, costs are less than the income unless the bull got sick or was in the sale and did not sell.
• Owners of bulls remaining at the test station or Springville auction site beyond pickup deadlines will be charged a $50 per head per day feed and yardage fee.